Unit 1: Personal Relations

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Vocabulary 1: Countries, Nationalities and Languages

Countries, nationalities and languages

Country	Nationality	Language
Morocco	Moroccan	Arabic / Amazigh
France	French	French
Spain	Spanish	Spanish
Japan	Japanese	Japanese
Brazil	Brazilian	Portuguese

Always use capital letters for countries, nationalities and languages. People may speak several languages.

Asking about someone

Question	Example answer
Where are you from?	I am from Morocco.
What is your nationality?	I am Moroccan.
What languages do you speak?	I speak Arabic and English.

This is Sara. She is from Morocco. She is Moroccan.

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Grammar: Be, Possessive Adjectives and WH-Questions

1. The verb BE

Subject	Affirmative	Negative	Question
I	I am	I am not	Am I…?
you / we / they	You / We / They are	You / We / They are not	Are you / we / they…?
he / she / it	He / She / It is	He / She / It is not	Is he / she / it…?

Short forms: I’m, you’re, he’s, she’s, it’s, we’re, they’re; isn’t, aren’t.

Are you a student? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
Is she Moroccan? Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
Are they friends? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.

2. Possessive adjectives

Subject pronoun	Possessive adjective
I	my
you	your
he	his
she	her
it	its
we	our
they	their

A possessive adjective comes before a noun: my name, her book, our school.

3. WH-questions

Question word	Asks about	Example
Who	a person	Who is your teacher?
What	a thing / information	What is your name?
Where	a place	Where are you from?
When	a time	When is your birthday?
Why	a reason	Why are you happy?
How	a manner / condition	How are you?
How old	age	How old are you?

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Vocabulary 2: Family, Appearance and Character

Unit 1: Personal Relations

Vocabulary: Family, Appearance & Character

1. Family members

Useful family pairs
Male	Female	General
father	mother	parents
brother	sister	siblings
grandfather	grandmother	grandparents
uncle	aunt	relatives
son	daughter	children
husband	wife	couple

A cousin can be male or female.

My father’s brother is my uncle.
My aunt’s daughter is my cousin.

2. Physical appearance

Height: tall ↔ short
Age: young ↔ old
Build: slim / thin / plump

Hair: long / short · straight / curly · black / brown / blond

BE + adjective: She is tall.
HAVE/HAS + noun phrase: She has long hair.

I / you / we / they have . . .
He / she / it has . . .

3. Character

Words and meanings
Word	Meaning
friendly	nice and pleasant with people
kind	good and caring
helpful	ready to help others
funny	makes people laugh
generous	likes giving and sharing
shy	nervous with people
quiet	does not talk much
serious	not usually playful

What does she look like? → appearance
What is she like? → character

More family relationships

Word	Meaning / example
niece / nephew	Your brother's or sister's daughter / son.
brother-in-law	Your sister's husband, or your spouse's brother.
sister-in-law	Your brother's wife, or your spouse's sister.
mother-in-law / father-in-law	Your spouse's mother / father.
daughter-in-law / son-in-law	Your son's wife / your daughter's husband.
stepmother / stepfather	Your parent's spouse who is not your biological parent.
stepsister / stepbrother	Your stepparent's daughter / son; you share no biological parent.
half-sister / half-brother	You share one biological parent.

Remember: step-relatives and in-laws are different relationships. Spouse means husband or wife.

Sara is Adam's sister. Her daughter Lina is his niece; her son Rayan is his nephew; her husband Yassine is his brother-in-law.

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Reading: Famous People

Reading a personal profile

Information	Meaning / example
Occupation	Job: actor, singer, footballer
Date of birth	The day, month and year someone was born
Birthplace	The place where someone was born
Nationality	Moroccan, British, Canadian…

Useful questions

Information	Question
Name	What is his / her name?
Occupation	What does he / she do?
Date of birth	When was he / she born?
Birthplace	Where was he / she born?
Nationality	What nationality is he / she?

Writing a short profile

Give the person’s name, nationality, occupation and birthplace. Use he / she instead of repeating the name.

Example: Amine is a Moroccan student. He was born in Casablanca.

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Communication: Meeting People

Unit 1: Personal Relations

Communication: Meeting People

1. Introductions

Function	Useful language
Introducing yourself	I'm ... / My name is ... / Please call me ...
Responding	Nice to meet you. / Pleased to meet you.
Introducing someone	This is ... / This is my friend ... / I'd like you to meet ... / I want to introduce you to ...

2. Personal information

Topic	Question
Names	What's your name? / What's his or her name?
Age	How old are you? / How old is he or she?
Family	Do you have a brother? / Do you have a sister?
Appearance	What does he or she look like?
Character	What is he or she like?

3. Appearance and character

What does she look like? She has curly hair. She is tall.
What is she like? She is friendly and helpful.

Use a friendly greeting. Speak clearly. Ask politely when you need someone to repeat or spell a name.

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Unit 3: Food

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Vocabulary: Food

1. Food groups

Group	Examples
Grains	bread, cereal, pasta, rice
Fruit	apples, bananas, grapes, oranges, pears, strawberries
Vegetables	cabbage, carrots, peppers, lettuce, onions, peas, potatoes, tomatoes
Meat and other protein	beans, beef, chicken, eggs, lamb, nuts
Dairy products	cheese, cream, milk, yogurt
Fat, oil and sugar	butter, candy, oil, potato chips

2. Containers and quantities

Expression	Examples
a bottle of	oil, water, juice, milk
a bunch of	grapes, bananas, parsley
a jar of	jam, honey, olives
a loaf of	bread
a dozen	eggs
a kilogram of	apples, rice, sugar, meat
a box of	cereal, chocolates, cookies
a bar of	chocolate
a tin / can of	sardines, tuna, peas, beans
a head of	lettuce, cabbage, garlic
a bag of	sugar, rice, flour

3. Useful verbs about food

eat fruit · drink water · cook rice · boil eggs · fry potatoes · bake bread · grill fish · cut vegetables · mix ingredients · add salt · order food · serve food.

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Unit 1: Education

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Grammar 1: Past Simple

Unit 1: Education

Grammar: Past Simple

1. Use

We use the past simple for completed actions in the past.

Time expressions: yesterday / last week / two days ago.

2. Affirmative

Subject + past form.

She walked to school. / They went home.

Regular verbs: add -ed. study → studied / stop → stopped.

3. Negative

Subject + did not (didn’t) + base verb.

She didn’t go to school.

Remember: didn’t go ✓ / didn’t went ✗

4. Questions

Did + subject + base verb?

Did she go to school? Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t.

WH-word + did + subject + base verb?

Where did they go?

5. The verb BE

Past forms of BE
Subject	Affirmative	Negative
I / he / she / it	was	wasn’t
you / we / they	were	weren’t

Questions: Was she tired? / Were you tired?

Do not use did with was or were.

6. Useful irregular verbs

Base verb → past form
Base verb	Past form
get up	got up
have	had
take	took
go	went
see	saw
sleep	slept

7. Pronunciation of -ed

/t/: worked / watched
/d/: played / cleaned
/ɪd/: wanted / needed

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Grammar 2: Reflexive Pronouns

Unit 1: Education

Grammar: Reflexive Pronouns

1. Forms

Subject	Reflexive pronoun
I	myself
you (one person)	yourself
he	himself
she	herself
it	itself
we	ourselves
you (two or more people)	yourselves
they	themselves

Singular: -self
Plural: -selves

2. Use

We use a reflexive pronoun when the subject and object refer to the same person or thing.

He hurt himself.
Sara looked at herself in the mirror.
We enjoyed ourselves.

Compare: Tom hurt himself = Tom was hurt.
Tom hurt him = another person was hurt.

3. By + reflexive pronoun

by + reflexive pronoun = alone / without help

He did the homework by himself.
She travelled by herself.

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Writing: Your School

Unit 1: Education

Writing: Your School

1. Plan the email

Audience: a friend.
Purpose: tell them about your school.
Length: 80–100 words.

Part	What to include
Greeting	Hi + your friend's name
Opening	Thank your friend; say why you are writing.
Paragraph 1	General information + likes / dislikes
Paragraph 2	Rules + facilities + subjects / homework
Closing	A friendly final sentence, Best wishes, your name

2. Useful language

Opinions: What I like best is . . . / I don't really like . . .
Facilities: There is a library. / There are two science labs.
Rules: Students can . . . / Students cannot . . .
Obligations: We have to . . . / We must . . .
Routines: I usually do homework in the evening.
Links: and / but / because

Remember: There is + singular noun. There are + plural noun.
Use your school's actual facilities and rules.

3. Write, review, revise

Make notes → Write a draft → Get advice → Improve your draft.

Check content, organisation, grammar, spelling and punctuation. Include a greeting and a closing.

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Vocabulary: School and Higher Education

Unit 1: Education

Vocabulary: School and Higher Education

1. Key verbs

Word	Simple meaning	Translation
study	learn a subject
learn	get knowledge or a skill
teach	help someone learn
attend	go to or be present at
revise	study again before a test

2. Useful expressions

Expression	Simple meaning	Translation
graduate from school / university	finish a course of study
get a degree in + subject	receive a university qualification
go abroad	go to another country
conduct research	study a subject carefully to find information
get a scholarship	receive money to help pay for studies

3. School vocabulary

Word	Simple meaning	Translation
break	the time between lessons
timetable	a table showing when lessons begin and end
playground	a place where students play during break
notebook	a book for lessons and notes
pencil case	a small case for pens and pencils
laboratory / lab	a room for scientific experiments

Write the Arabic translations yourself. Study describes the activity. Learn describes gaining knowledge or a skill.

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Reading: Do Girls Do Better Than Boys at School?

Unit 1: Education

Reading: Do Girls Do Better Than Boys at School?

1. The text’s organisation

Paragraph	Main idea
1	The writer recalls beliefs and expectations about girls in the past.
2	The writer describes women’s participation and qualifications at university.
3	The writer compares younger learners’ results and makes a prediction.

2. Useful vocabulary

Word or expression	Meaning
grasp	understanding
expectations	beliefs about what someone can achieve
stereotype	a fixed, oversimplified belief about a group
roughly equal	approximately the same
outperform	do better than
trend	a general direction of change

3. Reading skills

Read quickly for the main idea. Read again to find evidence for an answer. Distinguish a belief, a claim and a prediction.

The figures and forecasts belong to the historical textbook passage. They are not a statement of current worldwide statistics. A group average does not describe every individual.

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Communication: Giving Opinions

Giving opinions, agreeing and disagreeing

Function	Useful expressions
Give an opinion	I think that… In my opinion,… I believe that…
Agree	I agree with you. That is a good point. I think so too.
Disagree politely	I see your point, but… I am not sure I agree. I understand, but I think…

Give a reason

Opinion + because + reason

I think reading is useful because it helps us learn new words.

A: I think working with a partner is helpful.
B: I agree with you because we can explain ideas to each other.

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